0 B> G8B0; 40<0 !<8B0. !B@>D0 1-VII 2 42CE 8AB>@8G5A:8E ?597060E.

 

& «A5@0!
">, GB> 1K;> <=K9,
!B0;> =K=G5 :0@0».
.CH:8=.

 

N157=K9 <>9 !<8B, O >G5=L 4>2>;5= 0H8< B@C4><. & :=830 0H0 >B;8G05BAO 3;C18=>9, >A=>20B5;L=>ABLN, ?@>=8F0B5;L=>ABLN, &2 =59 @0AAK?0=0 B0:0O <0AA0 ?@8<5@>2 8 ;N1>?KB=KE D0:B>2, GB> >=0 4>;6=0, 2 :>=F5 :>=F>2, ?@82;5GL 2A5>1I55 2=8<0=85.

M284 .< 40<8BC.

 

 

1. "578A.

2. 20 =538=0.

3. (0B:>5 >A=>20=85.

4. CG8 0AA83=0F89.

4.1. '5;>25: - G8=>2=8:.

4.2. '5;>25:-?><5I8:.

4.3. «!K@>9 C3>;» >AA88.

4.4. >E>4=0O G0ABL 1N465B0 AB0@H53> =538=0.

5. 878B 40<0 !<8B0.

5.1. %;51=K5 F5=K.

5.2. Q=.

5.3. 5:A5;L=K9 :C@A.

5.4. >20O ?>40BL 8 =>2K9 =0;>3.

5.5. >?KB:0 ?>4AGQB0 C1KB:>2.

6. C<06=0O ?5=0.

7. ;>:>7=5==K9 3>AC40@AB25==K9 A5:@5B0@L.

7.1. @5A5G5=85 1C<06=>3> ?>B>:0.

7.2 25@L, >B?5@B0O 2 ?CAB>BC.

7.3. A5>1I55 154AB285.

8. 073>2>@ >BF0 A AK=><.

9. 2CE-AD0.

9.1. 3> D5>40;L=0O @5=B0.

9.2. ?>@K 2=CB@5==59 E@>=>;>388.

9.3. !8=B57.

 

1. "578A.

>94Q< >B ACB8. VII AB@>D5 ?5@2>9 3;02K 235=8O =538=0:

(1)          KA>:>9 AB@0AB8 =5 8<5O
(2)          ;O 72C:>2 687=8 =5 I048BL,
(3)          5 <>3 >= O<10 >B E>@5O,
(4)          0: B;8G8BL.
(5)          @0=8; ><5@0, $5>:@8B0;
(6)          0 B> G8B0; 40<0 !<8B0,
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(8)          "> 5ABL, C<5; AC48BL > B><,
(9)          0: 3>AC40@AB2> 1>30B55B,
(10)        G5< 6825B, 8 ?>G5 (11)        5 =C6=> 7>;>B0 5
(12)        >340 ?@>AB>9 ?@>4C:B 8<55B.
(13)        B5F ?>=OBL 53> =5 <>3
(14)        75<;8 >B4020; 2 70;>3 {[1]}.

 

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<5==>,

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(9)-(12)           0: 3>AC40@AB2> 1>30B55B, / G5< 6825B, 8 ?>G5/ 5 =C6=> 7>;>B0 5340 ?@>AB>9 ?@>4C:B 8<55B:

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"5>@5B8G5A:85 >A=>2K @5D>@<5=8BK9 «;0= D8=0=A>2» !?5@0=A:>3> 1K; ?5@5@01>B0==>9 70?8A:>9 B>3> A0<>3> 0;C3LO=A:>3>, A?5F80;8AB0 8 ?@5?>4020B5;O A<8BB80=A:>3> CG5=8O -

7.. 0;C3LO=A:>3>, 8@AB0 8 /:>18, !?5@0=A:89 >1@07>20;, 4;O A>AB02;5=8O $8=0=A>2>3> ?;0=0, >A>1K9 :><8B5B. > A>2>:C?=K9 8E B@C4 =5 C4>2;5B2>@8; 53> 8 >= ?@54?>G5; >1@0B8BLAO : B5< 845O<, :>B>@K5 1K;8 87;>65=K 2 ?@56=59 @01>B5 0;C3LO=A:>3>. >A;54=89, G5;>25: 4>1@K9, @KF0@L 1;03>@>4AB20, ?>;=K9 CA5@48O 8 >G5=L CG5=K9, 8 2>2A5 =5 ?@0:B8G5A:89, =0?8A0;, 2A;54AB285 B>3>, >1H8@=CN 70?8A:C =0 $@0=FC7A:>< O7K:5, :>B>@CN !?5@0=A:89 ?5@5;>68; =0 CAA:89, => 2 4@C3>9 D>@<5 8 A> <=>38<8 ?5@5<5=0<8 8 4>?>;=5=8O<8. MB>< 2845 70?8A:0 1K;0 ?>B>< @0AA<0B@8205<0 8 >1AC68205<0, 2 4><0H=8E A>25I0=8OE, 70 >1540<8 C 3@0D0 !525@8=0 >B>F:>3>& 2 :>B>@KE, A25@E !?5@0=A:>3>, CG0AB2>20;8 B>;L:> 04<8@0; 8:>;09 !5<5=>28G >@428=>2, >GC159, 0

0:>=5F 2A5 ?>425@3;>AL >D8F80;L=><>B@C 2 >A>1>< :><8B5B5, A>18@02H525I0=89 8 ?5@5A<>B@>2 >:>=G0B5;L=> 873>B>2;5==K9 ?;0= $8=0=A>2 - 1K;, :0: 2>@8;8, 2@CG5= @>< ;5:A0=4@>< ?@54A540B5;N 3>AC40@AB25==>3> A>25B0 2 A0 >B:@KB8O (1-3> O=20@O 1810-3> 3>40). 1 MB>< ?;0=5 C?><8=0;>AL 8 2 B>< <0=8D5AB5 ?@8 :>B>@>< 1K;> 8740=> >1@07>20=85 A>25B0. {[6]}

 

>B B578A > =5?>A@54AB25==>9 A2O78, B> 5ABL > 70820=88 8 ?5@5@01>B:5 G0AB8 «0?8A:8» 0@0<78=0 2 AB8E8 (5) (12), 8 >= (B578A) 8<55B =5:>B>@>5 ?>4B25@645=85. 065BAO, >B5F 8 AK= =538=K 3>2>@OB > !?5@0=A:>< 8 53> @5D>@<0E 8 3>2>@OB A;>20<8 0@0<78=0 2 >1@01>B:5 CH:8=0. !>1AB25==>, MB> >A=>2=0O <>59 @01>BK. 0;55 O 1C4C E>48BL 2>:@C3 MB>3> F5=B@0, @07 :>@@5:B=>AB8 2KH5?@82545==>3> CB25@645=8O, B0: 8 > 2>7<>6=KE 87 =53> 2K2>40E.

 

5<54;5==> ?>O2;ONBAO =5A:>;L:> 2>?@>A>2.

- > ?@8=OB>9 2=CB@5==59 E@>=>;>388 @><0=0, AB@>DC MBC 40B8@CNB 1818 1819 3>40<8 (A<. =0?@. >B<0= {[7]},  {[8]}). 0G5< ;N4O< 20-E 3>2>@8BL A;>20<8 0@0<78=0 A;>20<8 «0?8A:8», GB> 1K;0 ?>40=0 02B>@>< 04@5A0BC, ;5:A0=4@C I, 25G5@>< 18 <0@B0 1811 3>40? GB> ?@>G8B0=0 1K;0 8 @>< 2 =>GL A 18 =0 19-5 <0@B0 1811 3>40? 0?8A:8, ?>A2OIQ==>9 2> 2B>@>9 A2>59 G0AB8 7;>1>4=52=K< 2>?@>A0< 4=O (E>BO 8 A B>G:8 7@5=8O @CAA:>9 25:>25G=>AB8). ! B5E ?>@ 4> 20-E 3>4>2 <=>3> 2>4K CB5:;>; >1I5AB2> A>2A5< 8=>5; ?@>H;0 2>9=0; !?5@0=A:89 5IQ 2 !818@8; 53> 4>2>5==K5 45;0 5A;8 8 =5 701KBK, B> =8:0: =5 =0 A;CEC?

- «0?8A:0» 0@0<78=0 >?C1;8:>20=0 2?5@2K5 2 5@;8=5, 2 1861 3>4C «E>BO 8 =5 A>2A5< 8A?@02=>». {[9]} > MB>3>, 4>:C<5=B E>48; B>;L:> 8 2 ;CGH5< A;CG05 2 A?8A:0E GB> 7=0;8 > =Q< >B5F 8 AK= =538=K? A0< 02B>@, B> 5ABL .!.CH:8=? !B@>D0 1-VII =0?8A0=0 8 >B45;0=0 <564C 9 <0O 8 22 >:BO1@O 1823 3>40.

- > GQ< 65 3>2>@OB >B5F 8 AK= =538=K? 0: <>6=> ?@>G8B0BL B5:AB CH:8=0, ?>;030O C:070==K5 70820=8O 87 «0?8A:8» 0@0<78=0? GQ< =0H, G8B0B5;LA:89 8=B5@5A?

 

2. 20 =538=0.

> ?5@2>?@>AC: :065BAO, GB> AB@>D0 1-VII =5AQB ?@87=0:8 8 «4>2>5==>3>», 8 «?>A;52>5==>3>» ?5B5@1C@3A:>3> 1KB0, B> 5ABL 8 1810-11-3> 8 1818-3> 3>40. =59 AB@0==K< >1@07>< ?>:070=K 420 =538=0 25@=55 B@8, ?>B> 4;O 1811 3>40 ACI5AB25==>9 AB0=>28BAO D83C@0 =538=0->BF0. 5@5=>A 1-VII 2 1810-11 3>4, B> 5ABL 2> 2@5340 <>;>4>9, H5AB=04F0B8;5B=89 235=89 «C2845; A25B» 40QB >A@8G5A:>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O @57C;LB0B.

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@02K «!>N70» 40=K CH:8=K< 2 « ><0=5 2 ?8AL<0E»: {[10]}

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& 2 B5E :@C30E !>N70 ;03>45=AB28O, A :>B>@K<8 A>?@8:0A0;AO (:@C6>: .."C@35=520), C2;5G5=85 0=B8G=>9 ?>M7859 2K7K20;> 8@>=8G5A:>5 >B=>H5=85. 1K;8 8725AB=K A;>20 "C@35=520 2> 2ABC?8B5;L=>9 @5G8 ?@8 ?@85<5 2 «@70<0A», 8@>=8G5A:8 ?@>B82>?>AB02;O2H85 15A?>;57=K9, ?> 53> <=5=8N, ?5@52>4 «;804K» =548G5< ?>;57=K< A>G8=5=8O< ?> ?>;8B8G5A:>9 M:>=><88: «/, 70=8<0O <>8 <...> D8=0=A0<8, 274C<0;, GB> ?@8;8G=55 1K;> 1K ?><>I=8:C 181;8>B5:0@O 8 ?5@52>4G8:C ><5@0, 2<5AB> ;804K, ?5@525AB8 2 AB8E0E, 8 4065 M:70<5B@0<8, =0?@8<5@: Süssmiich Göttliche Ordnung 8;8 Justi Abharidiung von den Steuern und Abgaben», B> 5ABL NAA<8;LE, «>65AB25==K9 ?>@O4>:», «"@0:B0B > =0;>30E 8 4>E>40E» .AB8 ?@>872545=8O M:>=><8AB>2, 87CG02H85AO "C@35=52K< 2 5BB8=35=5&

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/, 70=8<0O <>8, 2A5340, 4065 8 2 81;8>B5:5, D8=0=A0<8, 274C<0;, GB> ?@8;8G=55 1K;> 1K ?><>I=8:C 181;8>B5:0@O 8 ?5@52>4G8:C ><5@0, 2<5AB> ;804K, ?5@525AB8 2 AB8E0E, 8 4065 M:70<5B@0<8, =0?@8<5@: Sussmilchs Gottliche Ordnung 8;8 Justi Abhandlung von den Steuern und Abgaben 8;8 2>A?5BL @>645=85 A8E A25B8;L=8:>2 ?>;8B8:8. ">340 1K ?5@52>4 A:>@55 4>AB83 F5;8 A2>59 70125=8O, 8 4>AB83 1K B5< C40G=55, G5< 1;865 1K; 1K : ?>4;8==8:C; 0 ?>M<0 @>645=8O A<8@5==> A>H;0 1K =0 25G=>5 C?>:>5=85 2 ;02:C ;07C=>20, A8N B5@?5;82CN <>38;C ABK40 @CAA:>9 A;>25A=>AB8.

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&70?8A:0 0@0<78=0 8<55B 4;O =0A, ?>B><:>2, 1>;LHCN 8AB>@8G5A:CN F5=C, 2>2A5 =5 ?> 2=CB@5==5AB>8=AB2C 8 =5 ?> :@0A=>@5G82>65=8N 2 =59 8=48284C0;L=KE 53> :0: 8A:CA=0O :> 3>, GB> >= A;KH0; 2>:@C3 A51O. 0@0<78=, 3>@074> 1>;55 ;8B5@0B>@ =565;8 G5;>25: 3>AC40@AB25==K9 8;8 2>>1I5 ?>;8B8G5A:89, 3>2>@8; 745AL, @07C<55BAO, =5 >4=> A2>5. A;8 A>2@5<5==0O 5 70?8A:5 A2>5 A>1AB25==>5 B5<=>5 =5C4>2>;LAB285, >1;5G5==>5 2 D>@9 @5G8, B> =5B A><=5=8O, GB>, 2708<=>, 8 B0 A@540, 2 :>B>@>9 >= 68;, =5 <>3;0 >AB0BLAO 157 H8@>:>3> =0 =53> 2;8O=8O. MB>< A AB0@>9 8 =>2>9 >AA88», ?@54AB02;OO A>1>N >1I89, B0: A:070BL, 8B>3 B>;:>2 B>340H=59 :>=A5@20B82=>9 >??>78F88 8 B5E <0AA, :>B>@K5, >125BH02, B@51>20;8 >1=>2;5=8O, 5IQ 1>;55 ?>4B25@6405B <8 2KA:070==CN, GB> ;5:A0=4@ 8 ?5@2K9 53> <8=8AB@, 2 ?>@K25 2KA>:8E A2>8E C2;5G5=89, >?5@560;8 2>7@0AB A2>53> =0@>40, 4065 <564C >1@07>20==59H8<8 53> :;0AA0<8. {[22]}

 

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"5?5@L =04> ?>=OBL, > GQ< HQ; @073>2>@ <564C >BF>< 8 AK=><.

 

4. CG8 0AA83=0F89.

>MB-83@>:, > 525@;59->@0F89,
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@54?>;030N, GB> >=8 3>2>@8;8 > 45=L30E.

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(0) 0;>20=85 G8=>2=8:0;

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4.1. '5;>25: - G8=>2=8:.

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B=K=5 8 =0 =5:>B>@>5 2@5<5@ 8 $5>:@8B 2AB0;8 ?@53@04>9 =0 >1K:=>25==>< ?@5645 ?CB8 : 60;>20=LN G8=>2=8:0 V :;0AA0, B> 5ABL 70B@C4=8;8 ?@>872>4AB2> :>;;56A:8E A>25B=8:>2 (VI :;0AA) 2 AB0BA:85 A>25B=8:8 (V :;0AA).  !>1AB25==>, ><5@0 8 $5>:@8B0 :0: B0:>2KE 2 ?@>3@0<<5 M:70<5=>2 =5 1K;> «AB@>A;>285 C2;5:;> 745AL 0@0<78=0 70 ?@545;K 8AB8=K. ?@>3@0<<5 =5 1K;>, <564C ?@54<5B0<8 8A?KB0=89, =8 @5G5A:>3> O7K:0, =8 E8<88» - >B>720;AO >@D {[24]}, => 87 ?5A=8 =5 2K:8=CBL A;>2. =538=K< 1K;> 70 GB> 1@0=8BL MB8E =5AG0AB=KE 45OB5;59 0=B8G=>AB8, 81> <0B5@80;L=>5 ?>;>65=85 A5B =8E AB@040;>.

0:>5 60;>20=85 <>3 ?>;CG0BL AB>;8G=K9 G8=>2=8: VI :;0AA0? -B> ACI5AB25==> 7028A5;> >B <5AB0 53> @01>BK.

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0< >AB0QBAO 27OBL =5GB> A@54=55 8 ?>;>68BL =538=C-AB0@H5 60;>20=85 2 1500 0AA83=0F8>==KE @C1;59 2 3>4.

 

4.2. '5;>25:-?><5I8:.

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& ?>72>;O5B G8B0B5;N A45;0BL 2K2>4, GB> «45@525=A:0O» G0ABL @><0=0 @0728205BAO 2 A525@>-70?04=>< :>=F5 >AA88, 25@>OB=55 2A53> 2 A:>2A:>9 3C15@=88. {[30]}

 

>AK;:0 MB0 =5 >1O70B5;L=0. K <>65< A ;Q3:>ABLN ?><5AB8BL 8<5=8O >BF0 =538=0 2 ;N1>9 @09>= >AA88 :@><5 >2>@>AA88 8 !818@8 - A ?@8<5@=> >48=0:>2K<8 2K2>40<8, => @01>B0BL A >4=>9 3C15@=859 =5 2 ?@8<5@ ;53G5 8 =03;O4=55.

 

4.3. «!K@>9 C3>;» >AA88.

> BK 3C15@=8O A:>2A:0O
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A:>2A:0O 3C15@=8O, «AK@>9 C3>;» >AA88; ;5A8AB0O, 1>;>B8AB0O, A> A:C4=K<8 ?>G20<8. =0 2E>48;0 2 !525@>-0?04=K9 @09>= 2<5AB5 A >23>@>4A:>9 8 !0=:B-5B5@1C@3A:>9 3C15@=859, => @57:> >B;8G0;0AL >B =8E 2 E>7O9AB25==>< >B=>H5=88.

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"01;8F0 1.

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4.4. >E>4=0O G0ABL 1N465B0 AB0@H53> =538=0.

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-B> ?@8=F8?80;L=K9 4;O =0A 2K2>4. A;8 >B=>H5=8O AK=0 8 >BF0 =538=KE 8<5NB 2 >A=>20=88 >B=>H5=8O >BF0 8 AK=0 CH:8=KE, 85 ?>;>65=85 AB0@H53> =538=0 4>?CAB8<> A>?>AB028BL A >1AB>OB5;LAB20<8 !5@35O L2>28G0, 0 C B>3> 1K;> >:>;> 1 200 4CH (8AB5=Q2> 8 G0ABL >;48=0). {[38]} B0:>< ?@54?>;>65=88 1 200 4CH ?@8 4>E>45 2 22 @C1;O A 4CH8 =538=-AB0@H89 70@010BK20; >B 8<5=89 26 400 @C1;59 2 3>4, B> 5ABL 2 17 @07 1>;LH5 60;>20=8O =0 A;C615.

<5==> MB> 1K;> 8AB>G=8:>< 53> <=>3>G8A;5==KE 5653>4=KE 10;>2; MB0 ?C?>28=0 ?8B0;0 53> >15A?5G5==CN AB>;8G=CN 687=L 8 8<5==> >=0 >:070;0AL ?5@560B0 2 1810-11 3>40E. ">340 ?@8H;8 =5273>4K.

 

5. 878B 40<0 !<8B0.

?@><>B0;AO =0:>=5F.

 

1810-11 3>4K AB0;8 BO6:8<8 4;O >=538=A:>3> A5<59AB20. > <>8< @0AAC645=8O<, :>H5;Q: =538=0->BF0 ?@5B5@?5; (<>3 ?@5B5@?5BL) B>340 G5BK@5 :@>2>?CA:0=8O G5BK@5 C40@0 ?> D8=0=A>2>A=>20=8N ?@56=53> 1;03>?>;CG8O.

 

5.1. %;51=K5 F5=K.

>;510=8O F5= =0 425 E;51=K5 :C;LBC@K >2QA 8 @>6L 2 3C15@=A:>< 3>@>45 A:>25. {[39]}

8A.1

;O =0G0;0 19 25:0, @>6L 8 >2QA 1K;8 3;02=K<8 E;51=K<8 :C;LBC@0<8 >AA88.

A=>2=K<8 E;510<8 2 >AA88 XVIII =0G0;0 XX 2. O2;O;8AL @>6L, >25A, ?H5=8F0, OG<5=L 8 3@5G8E0, A@548 :>B>@KE @>6L 8 >25A 1K;8 3;02=K<8, B0: :0: 2K@0I820;8AL ?>2A5<5AB=> @>6L :0: >78<0O, >25A :0: O@>20O :C;LBC@0. 0 4>;N @68 8 >2A0 ?@8E>48;>AL 4> 70 % >1I53> A1>@0 E;51>2 2?;>BL 4> 1880 3., 8 ;8HL 2 :>=F5 XIX=0G0;5 XX 2. ?@>87>H;> A>:@0I5=85 8E ?>A52>2 8 A1>@>2 4> 52%. {[40]}

"5< A020O A>AB02;ONI0O» 4>E>4>2 =538=0->BF0 2 1811 3>4C C?0;0 =0 36% (@>6L) 8;8 =0 33% (>2QA) ?> A@02=5=8N A 1810 3>4><.

 

5.2. Q=.

B>@K< 3;02=K< «?@>ABK< ?@>4C:B><ý» A:>2A:>9 3C15@=88 1K; ;Q=. A> ;L=>< 45;> >15@=C;>AL =5 ;CGH8< >1@07><.

!C4O ?> 40==K<  {[41]} 8  {[42]}, A =0G0;0 4> A5@548=K 19 25:0 2 3C15@=88 A>E@0=O;0AL A;54CNI0O ?@>?>@F8O: ?@8<5@=> 1/3 ?@>872>48<>3> ;L=0 (270 000 ?C4>2) H;0 =0 <5AB=K5 ?@>872>4AB20, 0 >:>;> 2/3 (500 000 ?C4>2) CE>48;8 =0 M:A?>@B.

>A<>B@8<, GB> ?@>87>H;> A M:A?>@B>< @CAA:>3> ;L=0 2 8=B5@5A=>< =0< ?5@8>45.

">@3>2;O ;L=>< 2 A:>2A:>9 3C15@=88 1K;0 >@85=B8@>20=0 =0 10;B89A:85 ?>@BK, B> 5ABL =0 !0=:B-5B5@1C@3, 83C, 0@2C, 525;L, 8102C. 1802-181333. ;L28=0O 4>;O M:A?>@B0 H;0 G5@57 420 ?5@2KE :0=0;0. {[43]}

"01;8F0 2

>4

">@3>2;O @CAA:8E 0;B89A:8E ?>@B>2 2 1802-181333. - 4>;O ?>@B0 2 >1I5< M:A?>@B=>< >1>@>B5.

!-1

830

0@20

525;L

81020

1802

66,81%

26,08%

1,67%

0,76%

4,68%

1803

66,51%

26,07%

1,93%

0,65%

4,84%

1804

69,44%

28,63%

1,24%

0,68%

 

1805

64,36%

35,64%

 

 

 

1806

63,89%

34,55%

1,57%

 

 

1807

69,95%

28,13%

1,92%

 

 

1808

45,71%

45,71%

1,72%

1,72%

5,15%

1809

46,77%

48,61%

1,90%

0,33%

2,39%

1810

70,65%

29,35%

 

 

 

1811

80,25%

19,75%

 

 

 

1812

78,10%

20,24%

 

1,66%

 

1813

77,26%

18,77%

 

1,84%

2,13%

 

0B5<, F5=K =0 ;Q= ?5@2>9 :0B53>@88, B> 5ABL =0 M:A?>@B=K9 B>20@ 87<5=O;8AL <564C 1804 8 1813 3>4>< 2 !-1. 8 835 A;54CNI8< >1@07><: {[44]}

8A.2

45AL AB0=>28BLAO, B0: :0: >?@545;8BL, :C40 2 AB>;8FC 8;8 2 83C - 1K; >@85=B8@>20= M:A?>@B ;L=0 A ?>;59 =538=0-AB0@H53> =5B =8:0:>9 2>7<>6=>AB8. 84=>, GB> 2 1811 3>4C F5=K =0 ;Q= 2 0AA83=0F8>==KE @C1;OE, :0: <8=8 ?>A;5 1C@=>3> @>AB0 ?@54K4CI8E 42CE ;5B 8, :0: <0:A8 >B=>H5=8N : 1810 3>4C.

> MB> 5IQ =5 2AQ. AB5AB25==>, GB> A>AB028B5;8 AB0B8AB8G5A:8E B01;8F CG8BK20;8 F5=K =0 D0:B8G5A:8 ?@>40==K9 >1JQ< ;L=0, => A0< M:A?>@B=K9 >1JQ< 2 1810-11 3>40E @57:> A>:@0B8;AO. {[45]}

8A.3

 

1810 3>4C 2K2>7 C?0; =0 53%, 0 2 1811 3>4C =0 75% >B=>A8B5;L=> 1809 3>40.

>1I5<, 4;O =538=0->BF0 ?@>A<0B@8205BAO =01>@ AF5=0@852 >B ?@>AB> ?;>E>3> 4> :0B0AB@>D8G5A:>3>. "0:, ?CABL 2 1811 3>4C >= AC<5; ?@>40BL 25AL ;Q=, => >6840=8O 50%-60% ?@8@>AB0 2K@CG:8 (:0: MB> 1K;> A>2A5< =5402=>) =5 A1K;8AL; 0 «682O 4>;30<8», B0:>2>5 :@CH5=85 =04564 25AL<0 1>;57=5==>, 5A;8 =5 @07>@8B5;L=>. CABL 2 1810 8;8 1811 3>4C >= =5 <>3 @50;87>20BL ;Q= 70 =52>AB@51>20==>ABLN B>20@0 =0 @K=:5 B>340 2/3 53> 4>E>4>2 >1@0I0;8AL 2 =8GB>. @>G85 AF5=0@88 ;560B <564C 42C<8 :@09=>ABO<8, 8 A@548 =8E =5B =8 >4=>3> CB5H8B5;L=>3>.

 

5.3. 5:A5;L=K9 :C@A.

> >B5F 235=8O =5 B>;L:> ?@>4020; ?@>4C:BK A5;LA:>3> E>7O9AB20, => ?@8>1@5B0; ?@>20@K, ?@54<5BK @>A:>H8 8 B>20@K :>;>=80;L=K5. 0: ?8A0; 0?>;5>=C !53N@ (1807 3>4): {[46]}

«=3;8O 4>AB02;O5B 42>@O=0< AC:=> 4;O 8E >4564K, <515;L 4;O 8E 4><>2, ?>AC4C 4;O 8E AB>;0, 2A5, 2:;NG0O 4> 1C<038, ?5@L52 8 G5@=8;, 8, ?>4G8=OO A515 8E 2:CAK 8 ?@82KG:8, >=0 A2O70;0 >AA8N A A>1>9 B>=:8<8, => 15AG8A;5==K<8 8 ?@>G=K<8 C70<8»

A;8 ?>A<>B@5BL =0 :0@B8=C @CAA:>3> 8 @B0 2 ?5@2>9 ?>;>28=5 19 25:0 {[47]}

"01;8F0 3

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% :> 2A57C

%;>?G0B>1C<06=K5 B:0=8

16,5

(5@ABO=K5 B:0=8

16,5

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12,5

@0A:8 8 :@0A8;L=K5 25I5AB20

6,5

8=0 28=>3@04=K5 8 2>4:8

6,5

(5;:

6

'09

4

!>;L

4

 

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! =5:>B>@K< C?@>I5=85<, <>6=> A:070BL, GB> 25:A5;L=K9 :C@A @C1;O =0, A:065<, >=4>=, M:2820;5=B5= 4;O =0H53> 2@5<5=8 20;NB=>< 65 >=4>=5. = ?>:07K205B ?>:C?0B5;L=CN A?>A>1=>ABL @C1;O =0 8=>AB@0==KE @K=:0E.

"01;8F0 A@54=53>4>2KE 25:A5;L=KE :C@A>2 =0 3;02=K5 <5AB0 B>@3>2;8: {[48]}


8A.4

 


8A.5

 

K =5<54;5==> 2848<, GB> 2 1811 3>4C 25:A5;L=K9 :C@A AB>O; =0 A0<>9 =87:>9 ?>A;5 "8;L78BA:>9 2>9=K >B<5B:5 (=865, G5< 8 2> 2@59 2>9=K), B0: GB> 4>@>3>287=0 8 @B0 0 MB> 8 4CE8 2 E@CAB0;5, 8 ?0=B0;>=K A 68;5B>< 8 D@0:><, 8 A>;L, 8 A0E0@, 8 G09 8 28=0 A 2>4:0<8 - 1K;0 BO3G09H59 8<5==> 2 1811 3>4C.

 

5.4. >20O ?>40BL 8 =>2K9 =0;>3.

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! 1 O=20@O 1810 3>40 ?>4CH=0O ?>40BL AB0;0 2 @C1;O 2<5AB> ?@56=8E 1@ 44 :>?. {[49]}  {[50]} #G8BK20O, GB> ?><5I8: 1K; A2>5>1@07=K< «=0;>3>2K< 035=B><ý» A2>8E :@5?>AB=KE, MB> C25;8G5=85 ;53;> =0 B5 65 4>E>4K A 8<5=89 8, A>>B25BAB25==>, A>AB028;8 672 @C1;O A 1200 4CH.

0B5<, 2 1810 3>4C 5AL C?;0B8BL >A>1K9 =0;>3 (>= 459AB2>20; >48= B>;L:> 1810 3>4) 50 :>?55: A 4CH8, B> 5ABL 5IQ 600 @C1;59.

B<5GC, GB> =>2K5 =0;>3 8 ?>40BL 1K;8 22545=K 2 1810 3>4C, => 07=0G59AB2> ?@8=8<0;> =0;>38 4> :>=F0 B5:CI53> 3>40, 0 7=0O E0@0:B5@ =538=0->BF0 B@C4=> >6840BL >B =53> ?>A?5H=>AB8 A C?;0B>9 2 :07=C.

 

5.5. >?KB:0 ?>4AGQB0 C1KB:>2.

>?@>1C5< ?>4KB>68BL 154K AB0@H53> =538=0 2 8E G8A;5==>< 2K@065=88. 065BAO, =5?@8OB=>AB8 A3CAB8;8AL 2>:@C3 =53> 2 1811 3>4C.

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(0) A;8 >= 68; >B ?@>4068 E;510, 53> 4>E>4 A 8<5=89 C?0; 2 1811 3>4C =0 33-36%, B> 5ABL ?@8<5@=> =0 9 100 @C1;59.

(01) 0B5<, 2 :>=F5 1810 3>40 >= C?;0B8; 1272 @C1;O =>2KE ?>40B8 8 =0;>30.

A53>, >:>;> 10 400 @C1;59.

(02) &5=0 8 @B=KE B>20@>2 ?>2A54=52=>3> C?>B@51;5=8O 745AL <>6=> B>;L:> A:070BL, GB> A@54=89 25:A5;L=K9 :C@A @C1;O =0 <->=4>=-0<1C@3-0@86 (A@54=55 0@8D<5B8G5A:>5) C?0; 2 1810 3>4C =0 30% ?@>B82 1809 8 2 1811 3>4C 4> 1/4 >B :C@A0 1810 3>40.

 

(1) A;8 >= 68; >B ?@>4068 ;L=0, C?04>: 4>E>40 A 8<5=89 <>6=> ?>;CG8BL :0: A@54=55 42CE >F5=>:.

>;>68<, ;Q= =538=0->BF0 8<5; A1KB =0 !0=:B-5B5@1C@3, 8 5AL @50;87>20BL 2AQ, =5A<>B@O =0 AB5A=5=85 M:A?>@B0. ">340 4>E>4 >AB0;AO ?@56=8< - =5 >?@0240;8AL B>;L:> >6840=8O 2KA>:8E 4>E>4>2, B> 5ABL ?>O28;8AL 70B@C4=5=8O A >B40G59 =0:>?;5==KE 4>;3>2.

0B5<, ?CABL ;Q= =538=0->BF0 8<5; A1KB =0 83C 8 AB5A=5=8O M:A?>@B0 >B@078;8AL =0 =Q< 2 ?>;=>9 <5@5. ">340:

- 2/3 2K@0I5==>3> 2 8<5=8OE ;L=0 H;0 =0 M:A?>@B; MB> 2/3 >B ?@8=OB>9 F8D@K >1I59 2K@CG:8 (26 400), B> 5ABL 17 600 @C1;59.

- A;8 ?045=85 >1JQ<0 M:A?>@B0 2 1811 3>4C (47% >B 1810 3>40) 2?>;=5 >B@078;>AL =0 >BF5 235=8O, >= A<>3 ?@>40BL 47% >B 2A53> «M:A?>@B=>3>» ;L=0, B> 5ABL =0 8 272 @C1;O 2 F5=0E ?@>H;>3> 3>40.

- > A0<8 F5=K =0 83C C?0;8 =0 19%. ">340 2K@CG:0 1811 3>40 ?0405B 4> 6 700 @C1;59.

B>3>, ?@8=8<0O, GB> 1/3 (2=CB@5==OO ?@>4060 2 3C15@=88) >AB0;0AL ?@56=59 (8 800 @C1;59), >1I89 4>E>4 >B 8<5=8O A>AB028B 8 800 + 6 700 = 15 500 @C1;59 0AA83=0F8O<8.

"5< A0F5=:8 40NB 26 400 8 15 500 @C1;59; A@54=OO >F5=:0 4>E>40 A 8<5=89 2 1811 3>4C 21 000 @C1;59. -B> ?>B5@8 2 5 400 @C1;59

(11) 0B5<, 2 :>=F5 1810 3>40 >= C?;0B8; 1272 @C1;O =>2KE ?>40B8 8 =0;>30.

A53>, >:>;> 6 700 @C1;59.

 

B0:, 4;O ?5@8>40 1810-11 3>4>2 <>6=> >F5=8BL ?>B5@8 =538=0-AB0@H53> 2 7 000 10 000 @C1;59 0AA83=0F8O<8, B> 5ABL 2 25% - 35% >B 2A53> 4>E>40, ?;NA C4>@>60=85 687=8 70 AGQB @>AB0 F5= =0 22>7820@K, :>B>@>5 A;>6=> 2K@078BL :0:>9-B> F8D@>9.

 

6. C<06=0O ?5=0.

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07C<55BAO, A45;0=> MB> ?@54=0<5@5==>.

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8A. 6. C@A 0AA83=0F8>==>3> @C1;O, 2 A5@51@O=KE :>?59:0E, !-1. 8@60. {[51]}

 

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>A<>B@52H8 2 ;8F> C:07C, 2 :>B>@>< >6840;8 2AB@5B8BL >:>=G0B5;L=K9 2>?@>A 1KBL 8;8 =5 1KBL, 8 =5 2AB@5B82H8 1C:20;L=> 53>, @5H8;8, GB> 45;> =5 :0A05BAO 4> =8E, GB> 8E 5I5 =5 7>2CB @0AA5:0BL 3>@4852 C75;, 8 A;54>20B5;L=> =5 >1 G5< E;>?>B0BL. > 5B5@1C@3 =5 4>2>;LAB2>20;AO A2>8<8 B>;:0<8; >= 640; 25AB59 87 >A:2K. «;02=>5, 3>2>@8;8, GB> A:065B >A:20; B0< 682CB 1;865 : AF5=5, =0 :>B>@>9 4>;6=0 @07K3@0BLAO 4@0<0». 'B> 65 A:070;0 2 A0<>< 45;5 >A:20? ! ?5@2>N ?>GB>N >=0 ?@8A;0;0 8725AB85, GB> ?><5I8:8 153CB 87 45@525=L 2 >A:2C, ?>B> :@5ABLO=5 1C4CB 1C=B>20BL =5?@5<5==>. @5ABLO=5 ?><5I8GL8, >4=0:>, =5 1C=B>20;8 2 A0<>< 45;5. > A45;0;8AL 15A?>@O4:8 <564C 3>AC40@AB25==K<8 :@5ABLO=0<8 2 :070=A:>9 3C15@=88, 8 >A:20 ?>A?5H8;0 C254><8BL 5B5@1C@3, GB> 2 :070=A:>9 3C15@=88 :@5ABLO=5 271C=B>20;8AL 2A;54AB285 C:070. {[82]}

 

2>B 7=0<5=8B0O «A5?>440=59H0O 70?8A:0» <8=8AB@0 2=CB@5==8E 45; 0=A:>3> >B 023CAB0 1859 3>40 «73;O4 =0 ?>;>65=85 :@5ABLO=A:>3> 2>?@>A0 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5

5@2>5 8725AB85 > ?@54?>;>65==>9 @5D>@<5 2>71C48;> 2 1>;LH8=AB25 ?><5I8:>2 157>BG5B=K9 AB@0E. B >1=0@>4>20=8O 5O >6840;8 2>7B 2K?>;=5=8O - A>25@H5==>9 ?>B5@8 A>1AB25==>AB8. & !G8B0;8 @5D>@<5=8<>N ;8HL : >4=8< 70?04=K< 3C15@=8O< 8 =52>7<>6=>N 2 >AB0;L=KE ?>;>A0E >AA88. @8<5@ A0=:B?5B5@1C@3A:8E 8 =8653>@>4A:8E 42>@O= =5 <>3 5I5 40BL @5H8B5;L=>3> >1>@>B0 45;C; >6840;8 >B7K20 >A:2K.

 

'B> A:065B >A:20, GB> >B25B8B ?@>28=F8O =0 AB>;8G=K5 2K4C<:8? 45AL 425 >AA88 ?><5I8: A5;LA:89, ?@>28=F80;L=K9, 8 8 25: 87 3>@>40-ABOE A@548 1>;>B, 87 :0I5520 ;>3>20 =0H59 8AB>@88.

5@>9 @><0=0 =8:0: =5 ?@>2>48B 2 687=L 8458 !>N70 ;03>45=AB28O. = @50;8AB, ?@0:B8: 2 A2>Q< =>2>< E>7O9AB25.

>>1I5, =5 B>;L:> >1@>: 8;8 B>;L:> 10@I8=0, => B0: =07K205<0O «A<5H0==0O ?>28==>ABL» =0?@8<5@, >1@>: 4;O G0AB8 :@5ABLO= 2<5AB5 A 10@I8=>9 4;O ?@>G8E, ;81> >1@>G=K5 BO3;0, >B1K20NI85 10@I8=C 2> AB>;L:>-B> (=0?@8<5@) 78<=8E 8/8;8 65=A:8E 4=59 ;81> 10@I8==K5 :@5ABLO=5, >1@5<5=Q==K5 =0BC@0;L=K< 8;8 45=56=K< >1@>:>< - 1K;8 45;>< @O4>2K<, >1K:=>25==K<. "0:, 2 8<5=88 >;48=> ?><5I8:0 .!.CH:8=0 ?> A>AB>O=8N =0 <09 1834 3>40:

&B=>A8;AO O : !5@35N L2>28GC! =0 AG5B >1@>G=KE BO3>;, GB> =0 1834 3>4 >?@545;5=> 77- A85 G8A;> 2K1K;> 420 B53;0, 87 >B?CI5==KE 2 #@0;LA: 4;O 70@>1>B:>2 =0 >1@>:, B0< 65 ?><5@;> 2 G5;>25:0, =0;8F> >AB05BAO >1@>G=KE BO3>; 75-BL =0 10@I8=5 175. {[83]}

 

"0: ?8H5B CH:8=C 5=L:>2A:89, MB>B 157=@02AB25==K9 C?@02;ONI89 53> 1>;48=A:8< 8<5=85<.

0@I8=0 8;8 >1@>:, 10@I8=0 8 >1@>:, =0BC@0;L=K9 8;8 45=56=K9 >1@>: 8 B.?. <5B>4K >?B8<0;L=>3> A1>@0 D5>40;L=>9 @5=BK, >=8 <5=O;8AL 8 :><18=8@>20;8AL 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B ?>B@51=>AB59 4=O, ?>4G0A 5653>4=> 2 :0:><-B> 8<5=88. "0:, 5A;8 ?><5I8: 682QB 2 C40;5=88 8;8 =5 65;05B 4>B>H=> C?@02;OBL 8<5=85< A:>@55 >1@>:; 5A;8 <0;> 75<;8 «;8H=85» BO3;0 ?CA:0NBAO =0 >1@>: 8 70=8<0NBAO >BE>68<8 ?@><8; 4>@>605B @>6L? >1@>: 2 =0BC@0;L=>< 2845, ;81> 10@I8=0; @O4>< =5B <5AB 4;O >BE>653> ?@>1@>: 2 =0BC@0;L=>< 2845 8;8 10@I8=0; 65;0=85 2K60BL 87 75<;8 <0:A8 F5=K =0 75@=> AB018;L=K? >1@>: 2 45=56=>< 2845; ?;>4>@>4=K5 75<;8? 10@I8=0& 8 B0: 40;55. -B> <5E0=87<, A?>A>1 ?>;CG5=8O <0:A8<0;L=> 2>7<>6=>9 2 40==KE CA;>28OE 2K3>4K. !>>B25BAB25==>, AC48BL >1 01>;8F8>=87<5 ?><5I8:0 ?> ?@8=OB> 8<5=8OE A?>A>1C 278<0=8O D5>40;L=>9 @5=BK :0: <8=8?@><5BG82>. "5< 1>;55 GB> =0702B@0 87<5=OBAO @K=>G=K5 CA;>28O, 2K@0AB5B =0A5;5=85 ?><5ABLO, :>;KE=CBAO F5=K =0 ?@>4C:BK 75<;545;8O, =0ABC?8B =5C@>609 8;8 ?@84QB C@>609=K9 3>4 8 ?><5I8: ?>A048B ?@56=8E >1@>G=KE =0 10@I8=C, ;81> >B?CAB8B 10@I8==KE =0 >1@>:. = (?><5I8:) 254L A;548B 70 45;>< 8 87 AB>;8FK. 0: ?8H5B .!.CH:8= 5=L:>2A:>

& K E>@>H> A45;0;8, GB> 4> A8E ?>@ =5 ?@8ABC?8;8 : ?@>4065 E;510. 52>7<>6=>, GB>1 F5=K =5 2>72KA8;8AL. AG0ABLN, <>3C 5I5 ?>4>640BL. {[84]}

 

K25AB8 >=538=A:89 ;815@0;87< 87 >4=>3> ;8HL D0:B0 ?5@52>40 :@5ABLO= A 10@I8=K =0 >1@>:, @07C<55BAO, 2>7<>6=> B5< 1>;55 GB> >1@>: AB0; «;Q3:8<ý». > MB> =5 AB@>389 2K2>4. = =5 =5871565=. "5< A05 2 @><0=5 C:070=85 =0 01>;8F8>=87< 235=8O =5 5ABL B25@4L =57K1;5<0O, => >1>A=>20==0O 38?>B570.

 

9.2. ?>@K 2=CB@5==59 E@>=>;>388.

 

AB0BL5 :0: 1C4B> C:07K20;8AL 3@0=8FK #:10@0, => >?>@=K5 ?C=:BK =07K20;8AL :0:85-B> =58725AB=K5 @5:8, 40 :@0B5@K, 40 3>@=K5 F5?8 MB>9 65 >1;0AB8.

%..>@E5A, ";5=, #:10@..

 

"@048F8>==0O 2=CB@5==OO E@>=>;>38O «235=8O =538=0» ( .. 20=>2- 07C<=8:, . . @>4A:89, !. . >=48, . . 01>:>2, 8 ... >B<0=) AB>8B =0 =5A:>;L:8E >?>@0E. 'B> :0A05BAO ?5@2>9 3;02K: {[85]}

 

-?87>4 @><0=0

@5

@5<5==0O >?>@0 2=CB@5==59 E@>=>;>388 @><0=0

59AB285 ?5@2>9 3;02K

78<0 1819 - 25A=0 1820

«0G0;L=0O 40B0 >?@545;O5BAO C:070=85< 2 ?@548A;>288 : >B45;L=>=5G=0O C:070=85< =0 B>, GB> 2AB@5G0 35@>O 8 02B>@0 ?@>87>H;0 2 5B5@1C@35 2 1820 3., 2 ?5@8>4 «15;KE =>G59»&» {[86]}

KE>4 =538=0 2 A25B

1811-1812

!B@>D0 4-IX. «>B :0: C18; >= 2>A5<8=CA 8 ;5B 40QB 1811 - 1812 33.

BJ574 =538=0 2 45@52=N

25A=0 1820

« AB@>D0E L 8 LI A>45@68BAO =0<5: =0 B>, GB> >BJ574 35@>O 2 45@52=N 1K; ?> 2@5<5=8 1;87>: : =0A8;LAB25==> 87 5B5@1C@30. 2K5E0; 2 AAK;:C 6 <0O 1820 3.» {[87]}

BJ574 =538=0 87 45@52=8

D52@0;L-<0@B 1821

14 O=20@O 4CM;L 8 3815;L 5=A:>3>. 5A=0 1821 D52@0;L 1822 3. 2@5<>9 3;02K.
0G0;L=0O 40B0 >?@545;O5BAO ?5@2K<8 AB8E0<8 3;02K:

>=8<8 ;CG0<8,
! >:@5AB=KE 3>@ C65 A=530
!1560;8 <8 @CGLO<8
0 ?>B>?;5==K5 ;C30.

"0O=L5 A=53>2 2 A@54=59 8 A525@=59 ?>;>A5 >AA88 ?@>8AE>48B <564C =0G0;>< <0@B0& 8 A5@548=>9 0?@5;O& >=5G=0O 40B0 <>65B 1KBL 2K2545=0 87 B>3>, GB> 2 AB@>D5 XLI :=O6=0 ;8=0 A>>1I05B :0: > =5402=5< A>1KB88, GB> «@0=48A>=» 55 «2 A>G5;L=8: =025AB8;». !>G5;L=8: (1K20; «@>645AB25=A:89» 8 «:@5I5=A:89») :0=C= 78<=8E ?@074=8:>2 >645AB20 8;8 @5I5=8O, B> 5ABL @5GL 245B > ?@54?@074=8G=>< 2878B5 :>=F0 1821 8;8 =0G0;0 1822 3. 564C B5< 0@8=K ?@81K;8 2 >A:2C 5I5 ?> 78<=574=5E>48B 8 ?>A;54=89 A@>:» 7, XXXI, 2) ?CB8, B> 5ABL 2 D52@0;5 1822 3.
$52@0;L <0@B 1821 3. >BJ574 =538=0 2 5B5@1C@3.
#AB0=02;8205BAO =0 >A=>20=88 B>3>, GB> 2> 2@5<>2» 8 «GC2AB28B5;L=KE 40<ý» (7, IV, 56) 2 45@52=N =538=0 B0< «C6 =5B» 8 «3@CAB=K9 >= >AB028; A;54» (7, V, 1314). {[88]}

>4 @>645=8O =538=0

1795

" 3;025 2>AL<>9 A:070=>, GB>, :>340 =538= ?>A;5 4CM;8 >AB028; A2>N 45@52=N, 5 26 ;5B:

>682 157 F5;8, 157 B@C4>2
> 4204F0B8 H5AB8 3>4>2 (VIII, XII, 1011). {[89]}

KG8B0O >B 1821 3>40 26 ;5B ?>;CG05< 1795 3>4.

 

"> 5ABL, 1-VII =5 G8A;8BAO A@548 >?>@=KE B>G5: 2=CB@5==59 E@>=>;>388 @><0=0 8, 7=0G8B, 42865=85 5Q 2 @0<:0E B@048F8>==>3> 2@5<5==>3> ?@>AB@0=AB20 «=538=0» (<564C 1811 8 1820 3>4><) ?> <5=LH59 <5@5, 2>7<>6=>.

564C ?@>G53>, MB> >7=0G05B >BACBAB285 2 AB@>D5 2=CB@5==8E ?@8<5B 8AB>@8G5A:>3> 2@5<5=8.

> 1C45< >B:@>25==K ?@8<5BK 1818 3>40 B0< 2AQ 65 5ABL >4=0 =5>BGQB;820O: «75<;8 >B4020BL 2 70;>3» AB0;> >1KG=K< 45;>< ?>A;5 2>9=K 1812 3>40, 0 2B>@0O A>25@H5==> OA=0O <5AB>8<5=85 «

 

9.3. !8=B57.

1-VII 2K3;O48B =5:>B>@K< 381@84>< A G5BK@L:0<8, >B=>AOI8<8AO : 1818 3>4C 8 45AOBLN AB@>:0<8 A =5:>B>@K<8 ?@8<5B0<8 :0: 1818, B0: 8 1810-11 3>4>2 ?@8GQ< ?>A;54=85 ?@8<5BK, =0 <>9 273;O4, >BGQB;8255. BAN40 <>6=> 42830BLAO 2 42CE =0?@02;5=8OE: ;81> «?5@5BO=CBL» 1-VII 2 :0:>9-B> >48= 87 ?5@8>4>2, F5;8:><, ?@5=51@530O ?@87=0:0<8 2B>@>3> ?5@8>40; ;81> ?@54?>;>68BL 2 MB>9 AB@>D5 A>548=5=85 2@5 4>?CAB8<>, CG8BK20O <5AB> 1-VII 2 B5:AB5. !B@>D0 MB0 @0A?>;>65=0 :0: @07 >:>;> ABK:0 <564C >B@>G5AB2>< 235=8O 8 53> A25BA:>9 687=LN. >>1I5, ABK:>< MB8< 4>;6=0 1K;0 1K AB0BL 2>9=0 => 2>9=K 2 ?5@2>9 3;025 «=538=0» =5B.

!B@>DK 1-II 1-VII 548=K9 :0A:04, >?8A0=85 =538=0, «22>4 2 >1@0I5=85» 3;02=>3> 35@>O, 8 AB@>D0 1-VII 70B @O4. 45AL A?;>HL ?5@5G8A;ONBAO A2>9AB20 =538=0, 2K=5A5==K5 8< 87 45BAB20 8 >B@>G5AB20 8 ?@54JO2;5==K5 5B5@1C@3C A ?>@>30 A>25@H5==>;5B8O B> 5ABL, 2 1811 3>4C. >=5G=>, 2A5 MB8 A2>9AB20 A>E@0=8;8AL 70 =8< 8 4> >BJ5740 2 45@52=N, B0: GB> ?><5B8BL 1819 3>4>< >4=C B>;L:> AB@>DC 1-VII 87 MB>3> :0A:040 :065BAO 459AB285< =5>1O70B5;L=K<. "5 :89: 02B>@ A;>2=> IQ;:05B AGQB0<8 4515B, :@548B. #<55B 2 A>25@H5=AB25 ?>-D@0=FC7A:8; C<55B B0=F520BL <07C@:C; >B;8G=> >45205BAO; 8<55B <0=5@K 4>AB0B>G=> 4;O A25BA:>3> >1I5=8O, ?@8=OB; 8 A=>20, 157 ?5@5@K20: ?;>E> 7=05B ;0BK=8; =54>AB0B>G=> 2 8AB>@88; 2?@>G5<, ;>2>: 2 ?>;L7>20=88 >1@K2:0<8 7=0=89; 3;CE : AB8E0<, : 8E B5E=>;>388; G8B0; !<8B0& !B>?. 1@K2 B5 BF><. <5==> MB> >A06820=85 @KA8AB>3>, 4@>1=>3> ?>;QB0 AB8E0 =5<54;5==> ?@8:>2K205B 3;07. 40;LH5 C65 =5 :0A:04, 0 ?;02=>5 B5G5=85 @><0=0, =5B>@>?;82>5 >?8A0=85 «=0C:8 AB@0AB8 =56=>9», 2?;>BL 4> AB@>DK XV, 345 =0G8=05BAO ?5B5@1C@3A:89 45=L B5?5@L C65 45=L 1819 3>40.

 

"0: 8;8 8=0G5, => ;N1>9 ?>2>4 23;O45BLAO ?>?@8AB0;L=55 2 206=59H85 4;O =0H59 8AB>@88 >1AB>OB5;LAB20 ?CABL 4065 8 ?>2>4, >A=>20==K9 =0 ;>6=>9 8;8 =04C<0==>9 ?>AK;:5 ?>;575=; 8 A>2<5AB=>5 ?>O2;5=85 42CE A;02=KE 89 8AB>@88 0@0<78=0 8 !?5@0=A:>3> 2 >4=>9 87 AB@>D «235=8O =538=0», ?CABL 4065 8 ?>4 ?A524>=8<0<8 :065BAO <=5 70<5G0B5;L=K< D0:B>< 8;8 >B;8G=>9 2K4C<:>9.


{[1]} 45AL 8 70B5< 8A?>;L7C5BAO B5:AB «235=8O =538=0» ?> 8740=8N: CH:8= . !. >;=>5 A>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89, 18371937: 16 B. .; .: 74-2> !!! , 19371959. > MB> 65 8740=8N 40NBAO @540:F88 8 20@80=BK (B>< 6). !AK;:8 =0 B5:AB @><0=0 ?> C:070==><5@ 3;02K (0@01A:0O), AB@>D0 (@8

{[2]} ..0@0<78=. 0?8A:0 > 4@52=59 8 =>2>9  >AA88 2 55 ?>;8B8G5A:>< 8 3@0640=A:>< >B=>H5=8OE. .: 0C:0, 1991. !B@. 68.

{[3]} K45;5=> <=>9 Crusoe.

{[4]} «0?8A:0..», !B@. 75-78.

{[5]} .>@D, 87=L 3@0D0 !?5@0=A:>3>. !-1., 1861, B. 1 !B@ 189-191.

{[6]} Ibid, !B@. 192-193.

{[7]} >B<0= ... ><0= 2 AB8E0E CH:8=0 "235=89 =538=": !?5F:C@A. 2>4=K5 ;5:F88 2 87CG5=85 B5:AB0 // >B<0= .. . CH:8=: 8>3@0D8O ?8A0B5;O; !B0BL8 8 70<5B:8, 19601990; "235=89 =538=": ><<5=B0@89. !1.: A:CAAB2>-!, 1995. !.401-404

{[8]} >B<0= .. . ><0= . !. CH:8=0 "235=89 =538=": ><<5=B0@89: >A>185 4;O CG8B5;O // >B<0= .. . CH:8=: 8>3@0D8O ?8A0B5;O; !B0BL8 8 70<5B:8, 19601990; "235=89 =538=": ><<5=B0@89. !1.: A:CAAB2>-!, 1995. !.557-558.

{[9]} ">@65AB25==>5 A>1@0=85 8 @A:>9 :045<88 0C: 1 45:01@O 1866 3>40, 2 ?0;5B=59 3>4>2I8=K @>645=8O ..0@0<78=0, !-1., 1867. AB@.42. G5@: 45OB5;L=>AB8 8 ;8G=>AB8 0@0<78=0, G8B0==K9 /..@>B><.

{[10]} CH:8= . !. < ><0= 2 ?8AL<0E > // CH:8= . !. >;=>5 A>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89: 16 B. .; .: 74-2> !!! , 19371959. ". 8, :=. 1. ><0=K 8 ?>25AB8. CB5H5AB28O. 1948. !.50.

{[11]} >B<0= .. . ><0= . !. CH:8=0 "235=89 =538=": ><<5=B0@89: >A>185 4;O CG8B5;O // >B<0= .. . CH:8=: 8>3@0D8O ?8A0B5;O; !B0BL8 8 70<5B:8, 19601990; "235=89 =538=": ><<5=B0@89. !1.: A:CAAB2>-!, 1995. !.557-558.

{[12]} @70<0A 8 0@70<0AA:85 ?@>B>:>;K. ., 740B5;LAB2> ?8A0B5;59, 1933. !. 193

{[13]} "C@35=52 ., >AA8O 8 @CAA:85, ., , 2001. !.58

{[14]} Ibid ! 57-58

{[15]} .>3>48=, 8:>;09 8E09;>28G 0@0<78= ?> 53> A>G8=5=8O<, ?8AL<0< 8 >B7K20< A>2@5<5==8:>2. ., 1866. "2 AB@. 69-70.

{[16]} G5@: 45OB5;L=>AB8 8 ;8G=>AB8 0@0<78=0, G8B0==K9 /..@>B><, AB@. 41-42.

{[17]} 5@5A5;5=:>2 !. 7 8AB>@88 "!>2@5<5==8:0" // CH:8= 8 53> A>2@5<5==8:8: 0B5@80;K 8 8AA;54>20=8O / ><8A. 4;O 874. A>G. CH:8=0 ?@8 B4-=88 @CA. O7. 8 A;>25A=>AB8

{[18]} 0FC@> . -. CH:8= 8 ?@>1;5?8A0=8O 2 =0G0;5 1830-E 3>4>2 // CH:8=: AA;54>20=8O 8 <0B5@80;K / !!! . =-B @CA. ;8B. (CH:8=. ><). .: 0C:0. 5=8=3@. >B4-=85, 1969. ". 6. 50;87< CH:8=0 8 ;8B5@0BC@0 53> 2@5<5=8. !. 166.

{[19]} >B<0= .. . ?@>1;5<5 "CH:8= 8 ?5@5?8A:0 0110B0 0;LO=8" // >B<0= .. . CH:8=: 8>3@0D8O ?8A0B5;O; !B0BL8 8 70<5B:8, 19601990; "235=89 =538=": ><<5=B0@89. !1.: A:CAAB2>-!, 1995. !. 356.

{[20]} "><0H52A:89 . CH:8=: [ 2 :=.] / B2. @54. . . 070=>2; !!! . =-B @CA. ;8B. (CH:. 4><). ; .: 74-2> !!! , 19561961. =. 1. (18131824). 1956. AB@. 570 A;.

{[21]} .>3>48=, 8:>;09 8E09;>28G 0@0<78= ?> 53> A>G8=5=8O<, ?8AL<0< 8 >B7K20< A>2@5<5==8:>2. ., 1866. "2 AB@. 329.

{[22]} .>@D, 87=L 3@0D0 !?5@0=A:>3>. !-1., 1861, B. 1 !B@ 143.

{[23]} ! I B>< 30 23.771

{[24]} .>@D, 87=L 3@0D0 !?5@0=A:>3>. !-1., 1861, B. 1 !B@ 180.

{[25]} ! I B>< 44 G.2 AB@. 39

{[26]} ! I B>< 44 G.2 AB@. 105

{[27]} ! I B>< 44 G.2 AB@. 109

{[28]} $. $. 835;L «0?8A:8» (?>4 @540:F859 !./. (B@09E0). 0E0@>2, .: 2000, ! 69 8 125. K45;5=> <=>9 Crusoe.

{[29]} ..0@0<78=. 0?8A:0 > 4@52=59 8 =>2>9 >AA88 2 55 ?>;8B8G5A:>< 8 3@0640=A:>< >B=>H5=8OE. .: 0C:0, 1991. !B@. 104.

{[30]} >B<0= .. . ><0= . !. CH:8=0 "235=89 =538=": ><<5=B0@89& !. 641

{[31]} ..>20;LG5=:>, CAA:>5 :@5?>AB=>5 :@5ABLO=AB2> 2 ?5@2>9 ?>;>28=5 XIX 25:0. ., 740B5;LAB2> >A:>2A:>3> #=825@A8B5B0, 1967, !.62.

{[32]} Ibid, !.87.

{[33]} 59G .., @5ABLO=AB2> A:>2A:>9 3C15@=88 2 :>=F5 XVIII 8 2 ?5@2>9 ?>;>28=5 XIX 25:>2. A:>2A:0O >1;0AB=0O B8?>3@0D8O, 3. A:>2, 1957.

{[34]} ..!5<52A:89, @5ABLO=5 2 F0@AB2>20=85 8

{[35]} .!.!:@518F:89, @5ABLO=A:>5 45;> 2 F0@AB2>20=85 @0 ;5:A0=4@0 II, >==-=0- 59=5, 1868, B.3 ! 1228 A;.

{[36]} ..>20;LG5=:>, CAA:>5 :@5?>AB=>5 :@5ABLO=AB2> 2 ?5@2>9 ?>;>28=5 XIX 25:0.

{[37]} 59G .., @5ABLO=AB2> A:>2A:>9 3C15@=88 2 :>=F5 XVIII 8 2 ?5@2>9 ?>;>28=5 XIX 25:>2. !. 50.

{[38]} B5G5AB25==K5 70?8A:8, ., 1 (15) 2004 3>4 // ;Q=0 !>;=F520, 5<5;L=0O A>1AB25==>ABL @CAA:8E ;8B5@0B>@>2: CH:8=, ">;AB>9, AB@>2A:89.

{[39]} ..8@>=>2, %;51=K5 F5=K 2 >AA88 70 420 AB>;5B8O (XVIII-XIX 22). . 0C:0, 5=8=3@04A:>5 >B45;5=85. 19853. "01;8FK 9 8 12 @8;>65=8O. 0AGQB A45;0=, 8AE>4O 87 ?@82545==KE 2 8AB>G=8:5 F5= 2 :>?59:0E 7>;>B>< >B 1/10 8 < :C@A0 0AA83=0F89 =0 !-1 18@65, 2 ?@54?>;>65=88 >BACBAB28O ;060 =0 @07<5= A5@51@> 7>;>B> <564C 1800 8 1825 33 (GB> ?>4B25@6405B 8 A0< 02B>@ C:070==>9 :=838). 0==KE ?> 1808 3>4C (@>6L 8 >2QA) 8 70 1805 (>2QA) 2 B01;8F0E 8AB>G=8:0 =5B. @>2545=0 ;8=59=0O 8=B5@?>;OF8O.

{[40]} Ibid, !.44.

{[41]} 59G .., @5ABLO=AB2> A:>2A:>9 3C15@=88 2 :>=F5 XVIII 8 2 ?5@2>9 ?>;>28=5 XIX 25:>2. A:>2A:0O >1;0AB=0O B8?>3@0D8O, 3. A:>2, 1957, !. 5 A;.

{[42]} >5==>-AB0B8AB8G5A:>5 >1>7@5=85 >AA89A:>9 8 5 ?> 2KA>G09H525;5=8N ?@8 I >B45;5=88 5?0@B0<5=B0 5=5@0;L=>3> HB010, B III, G II A:>2A:0O 3C15@=8O, !1, 1852 3, !. 276

{[43]} !.0A8;L520 =3;>-@CAA:85 M:>=><8G5A:85 >B=>H5=8O 2 CA;>28OE :>=B8=5=B0;L=>9 1;>:04K 1806 --1812 33. 8AA5@B0F8O =0 A>8A:0=85 CG5=>9 AB5=5=8 :0=4840B0 8AB>@8G5A:8E =0C:. O70=L, O70=A:89 3>AC40@AB25==K9 C=825@A8B5B 8<5=8 !.. A5=8=0. ! 206.

{[44]} 0: '68-M, >AA89A:89 M:A?>@B 2 5;8:>1@8B0=8N 2 1760-1825 33. 8AA5@B0F8O =0 A>8A:0=85 CG5=>9 AB5?5=8 :0=4840B0 8AB>@8G5A:8E =0C:. !0=:B-5B5@1C@3 2005. >AA89A:0O :045<8O =0C: !0=:B-5B5@1C@3A:89 =AB8BCB 8AB>@88. !. 193 8 202. 5@5AGQB 87 3@0<<>2 A5@51@0 2 A5@51@O=K5 8 0AA83=0F8>==K5 @C1;8 ?> 1) 18 3@0<<>2 A5@51@0 2 @C1;5; 2). > :C@A>2>9 B01;8F5 .0H:0@>2, 5=56=>5 >1@0I5=85 2 >AA88, !-1, 1898, B.1, AB@. 24-25.

{[45]} . 51>;A8=. !B0B8AB8G5A:85 70?8A:8 > 2=5H=59 B>@3>2;5 >AA88. !1., 1835. '0ABL1. @8;>65=85.

{[46]} .. C;8H5@, AB>@8O @CAA:>9 B>@3>2;8 8 ?@>AB8 / !>AB. .. C@O52. '5;O18=A:: !>F8C<, 2003. !. 319.

{[47]} Ibid, !. 357

{[48]} . (B>@E, 0B5@80;K 4;O 8AB>@88 3>AC40@AB25==KE 45=56=KE 7=0:>2 2 >AA88 A 1653 ?> 1840 3>4 // C@=0; 8=8AB5@AB20 =0@>4=>3> ?@>A25I5=8O, '!", !%%%t !-1, 1868, !. 832.

{[49]} ! I B>< 29 22.392

{[50]} ! I B>< 31 24.116

{[51]} .0H:0@>2, 5=56=>5 >1@0I5=85 2 >AA88, !-1, 1898, B.1, AB@. 24-25.

{[52]} .83C;8=, CAA:89 3>AC40@AB25==K9 :@548B 1769 1899. ?KB :@8B8G5A:>3> >17>@0. %0@L:>2, 1899. ">< 1, AB@. 38, 62, 79.

{[53]} .0H:0@>2, 5=56=>5 >1@0I5=85 2 >AA88, !-1, 1898, B.1, AB@. 24-25.

{[54]} 0H:0@>2, 5=56=>5 >1@0I5=85 2 >AA88, !-1, 1898, B.1, @8;>65=85 : 4 3;025.

{[55]} ..0@0<78=. 0?8A:0 > 4@52=59 8 =>2>9 >AA88 2 55 ?>;8B8G5A:>< 8 3@0640=A:>< >B=>H5=8OE. .: 0C:0, 1991. !B@. 85.

{[56]} .(B>@E, 0B5@80;K 4;O 8AB>@88 3>AC40@AB25==KE 45=56=KE 7=0:>2 2 >AA88 A 1653 ?> 1840 3>4. !-1., 1868, C@=0; 8=8AB5@AB20 0@>4=>3> @>A25I5=8O, G0ABL !%%%t. KG8A;5=8O <>8.

{[57]} ..0@0<78=. 0?8A:0 > 4@52=59 8 =>2>9 >AA88 2 55 ?>;8B8G5A:>< 8 3@0640=A:>< >B=>H5=8OE. .: 0C:0, 1991. !B@. 82-83.

{[58]} ;0= D8=0=A>2 .. !?5@0=A:>3>. !1>@=8: @CAA:>3> 8AB>@8G5A:>3> >1I5AB20 // !1., 1885, B. 45, !.7

{[59]} ! I B>< 31 24.116

{[60]} .>@D, 87=L 3@0D0 !?5@0=A:>3>. !-1., 1861, B. 1 !B@ 192.

{[61]} ! I B>< 31 24.116

{[62]} .>@D, 87=L 3@0D0 !?5@0=A:>3>. !-1., 1861, B. 1 !B@ 201-202

{[63]} ! I B>< 31 24.244

{[64]} ! I B>< 31 24.264

{[65]} ! I B>< 31 24.334

{[66]} ! I B>< 31 24.464

{[67]} .>@D, 87=L 3@0D0 !?5@0=A:>3>. !-1., 1861, B. 1 !B@ 222.

{[68]} .."0@;5, !>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89 2 425=04F0B8 B><0E, ., 1958, 740B5;LAB2> !!! // B>< 3 >=B8=5=B0;L=0O 1;>:040 AB@. 363-364.

{[69]} Thomas Tooke,  A History of prices, and of the state of the circulation, from 1793 to 1837. London 1838. B.2.!.403. 0==KE 4;O 2 :20@B0;0 1809 3>40 2 8AB>G=8:5 =5B, ;8=59=0O 8=B5@?>;OF8O.

{[70]} !.0A8;L520 =3;>-@CAA:85 M:>=><8G5A:85 >B=>H5=8O 2 CA;>28OE :>=B8=5=B0;L=>9 1;>:04K 1806 --1812 33. 8AA5@B0F8O =0 A>8A:0=85 CG5=>9 AB5=5=8 :0=4840B0 8AB>@8G5A:8E =0C:. O70=L, O70=A:89 3>AC40@AB25==K9 C=825@A8B5B 8<5=8 !.. A5=8=0. ! 170.

{[71]} .."0@;5, !>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89 2 425=04F0B8 B><0E, ., 1958, 740B5;LAB2> !!! // B>< 3 >=B8=5=B0;L=0O 1;>:040 AB@. 349.

{[72]} ..8@>=>2, %;51=K5 F5=K 2 >AA88 70 420 AB>;5B8O (XVIII-XIX 22). . 0C:0, 5=8=3@04A:>5 >B45;5=85. 19853. "01;8F0 9 @8;>65=8O. 0AGQB A45;0=, 8AE>4O 87 ?@82545==KE 2 8AB>G=8:5 F5= 2 :>?59:0E 7>;>B>< >B 1/10 8 < :C@A0 0AA83=0F89 =0 !-1 18@65, 2 ?@54?>;>65=88 >BACBAB28O ;060 =0 @07<5= A5@51@> 7>;>B> <564C 1800 8 1825 33 (GB> ?>4B25@6405B 8 A0< 02B>@ C:070==>9 :=838). 0==KE ?> 1808 3>4C 2 B01;8F5 8AB>G=8:0 =5B. @>2545=0 ;8=59=0O 8=B5@?>;OF8O. =0;>38G=>, 40=0 ;8=59=0O 8=B5@?>;OF8O 4;O 1805 3>40 2 @810;B89A:><, 0?04=><, .3>-0?04=><, !B5?=>< @09>=0E.

{[73]} ">@65AB25==>5 A>1@0=85 8 @A:>9 :045<88 0C: 1 45:01@O 1866 3>40, 2 ?0;5B=59 3>4>2I8=K @>645=8O ..0@0<78=0, !-1., 1867. AB@.41. G5@: 45OB5;L=>AB8 8 ;8G=>AB8 0@0<78=0, G8B0==K9 /..@>B><.

{[74]} CH:8= . !. 235=89 =538=: @C385 @540:F88 8 20@80=BK // CH:8= . !. >;=>5 A>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89: 16 B. .; .: 74-2> !!! , 19371959. ". 6. 235=89 =538=. 1937. !. 210.

{[75]} .C@L52, G5@: @0728B8O :@548B=KE CG@5645=89 2 >AA88. !-1., 1904. ! 16-18.

{[76]} Ibid

{[77]} Ibid, ! 10.

{[78]} ! -I B>< 26 19.336

{[79]} !. >@>2>9, @548B 8 10=:8 >AA88 (A5@548=0 XVII 2. 1861 3.) .: >AD8=8740B, 1958. !. 68-69.

{[80]} ..3=0B>28G, ><5I8GL8 :@5ABLO=5 =0:0=C=5 >A2>1>645=8O. - 2-5 874., 4>?.- !-1., 1910. AB@. 59

{[81]} !<. =0?@. ..!5<52A:89, @5ABLO=A:89 2>?@>A 2 XVIII 8 ?5@2>9 G5B25@B8 XIX 25:0, B>< 1 8 2.

{[82]} .. 01;>F:89-5AOB>2A:89, @0D . . 8A5;52 8 53> 2@5<0B5@80;K 4;O 8AB>@88 8 @>2 ;5:A0=4@0 I, 8:>;0O I 8 ;5:A0=4@0 II. !-1., 1882, B 2 ! 262

{[83]} 5=L:>2A:89 . . 8AL<> CH:8=C . !., 7 <0O 1834 3. >;48=> // CH:8= . !. >;=>5 A>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89: 16 B. .; .: 74-2> !!! , 19371959. ". 15. 5@5?8A:0, 18321834. 1948. !. 144145.

{[84]} CH:8= . !. 8AL<> 5=L:>2A:>O1@O 1834 3. 7 5B5@1C@30 2 >;48=> // CH:8= . !. >;=>5 A>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89: 10 B. .: 0C:0. 5=8=3@. >B4-=85, 19771979. ". 10. 8AL<0. 1979. !. 403.

{[85]} >B<0= .. . ><0= . !. CH:8=0 "235=89 =538=": ><<5=B0@89...

{[86]} !. 482

{[87]} !. 482

{[88]} !. 483

{[89]} !. 481

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